I feel like this has been asked before but here goes:
Do you think the Arians in general had strong philosophical grounding, or did Athanasius & crew pretty well destroy them?
That is an interesting question. I would say that both sides had good reasons for their views. Both were thoroughly grounded in technical philosophical terms and debates. But they came at the question from different angles.
I don't think Athanasius really destroyed Arianism, from a philosophical point of view. He defended the Nicene formula capably, but I wouldn't say he demonstrated its superiority to the Homoian alternative. I think the Cappadocians were the ones who really did that, in opposition to the Anomean version of Arianism. Even there, though, it was more a matter of showing the philosophical rigour of their own views rather than demolishing their opponents' on philosophical grounds.
Of course, the degree to which any of these people were basing their views on philosophical grounds rather than other ones remains uncertain.
Also, what is the difference between to be begotten/to beget, and to create/be created, especially when it comes to Jesus' divinity.
The difference is supposedly one of transmission of nature. A created thing has a different nature from the thing that creates it. A begotten thing shares the nature of the thing that begets it. So in the case of Jesus, the Homoian argument was that because the Son depends for his existence upon the Father, he must be created by the Father (as Proverbs 8:22 says). Therefore he must have a different nature from the Father, although he may be similar to the Father in every other respect (hence the name "Homoian", since these Arians believed the Father and Son to be alike, other than in nature). The Athanasian response is that the Son is not created, he is begotten, and therefore the Father and Son are alike in nature as well as in every other respect.
Genesis describes a dark, water covered world before "creation" began. This is followed by some process by which "dry land" called Earth appeared from under the waters and life came next... They got that part right...
No, they didn't. The Earth was originally just rocky. Its water arrived on comets. There wasn't ever a time when the Earth was completely covered by water.
The first life was vegetation or seed bearing life forms followed by sea critters, fowl, and land critters and eventually, us. And they weren't far off with that sequence for supposedly ignorant people...
Well, this makes less sense to me, to be honest. It seems to me that there are two possibilities here. First, the authors of the opening chapters of Genesis was divinely inspired and what they wrote was a true and accurate account of the origins of the world (either literal or allegorical). Or, second, the authors were not divinely inspired - at least not divinely inspired when it came to scientific information - and they were just guessing. In that case it really was just guesswork since they certainly had no access to the data we do on the basis of which we know the origins of the world as we know it.
Now on neither of these possibilities does the claim that the authors "weren't far off" make much sense to me. If they were divinely inspired to get it right, then being a bit right isn't enough. If they were wrong at all then that's surely an indication that they weren't divinely inspired, at least, not with regard to scientific information. And if they were not divinely inspired in this way, then the argument that they nevertheless got some of it sort of rightish is really of no interest, because it was just a coincidence.
In other words, if you're not going to defend the claim that they were 100% right, why try to make a fuss over the few bits that they did get right? What does it show? That they were really good at guessing?
Are you trying to say something that 10-45% of people in this country deny (No scratch that, 10-45% believe in YEC, that's not counting the OECs) is an ESTABLISHED FACT?
Of course. You can't appeal to scientific illiteracy on something like this, especially in a country like the US which is especially and notoriously bad at scientific education. There are all sorts of things that are established facts that many people don't believe; it is, for example, an established fact that Jesus existed, but as you know, you'll find an awful lot of people denying it. That's not because there's any serious doubt on the matter, but because those people are ignorant of the evidence and of the expert assessment of that evidence. The same goes for evolution; it is absolutely an established fact. The vast majority of experts know that, and the vast majority of even moderately informed non-experts know that too. That's a given as far as this thread is concerned, because as El Mac says, this is not the thread to debate science - let alone to argue about the plausibility of one of the most well established planks of modern science.
We
could talk about the theological issues connected to it, of course, since that would be more on-topic, although I'd say that "young earth creationism" isn't on a much firmer footing theologically than it is scientifically, really.