Under what set of physical parameters does a greater quantity placed into a smaller area lead to
less density?[/quality]
It isn't a matter of population in the city, it's a matter of economic importance. St. Louis, Missouri may have almost twice as many people in its urban area as Zurich does, but Zurich is far more important economically.
I also redirect back to alex's request for a definition of "important."
Addressed above.
To an absolute standard, a small Chinese city would outshine even the grandest European equivalent. If this is being judged subjectively in context, what criteria are being used?
Standard of living and economic import are two different things. The European economy is more concentrated in its cities than China's, and thus have more economic import. That doesn't necessarily mean China's cities aren't larger in population. This is comparable to modern China's numerous extremely large cities that, while having extraordinary population figures, do not have the same economic impact that smaller cities like Zurich, Vancouver, and New Orleans.
I believe I have somewhat settled on a new balance. I have taken out some of the less important European eco centres (York, Cork, Belgrade, Palermo, Valencia, Thesaloniki, Dijon), kept India basically the same, and moved around a few of the Chinese cities. I still have to do more research on the Chinese cities before I settle, so expect a (semi-)finished version tomorrow or the day after.