I just had this happen last night. Oddly it was not with C2C, it was with R2R (which does not have the Combat Mod stuff from post v26 merged in). So this issue may have already existed back in C2C v26, or been added by a non-combat-mod bugfix/change.
I noticed that the combat log shows that the unit I attacked with took no damage, so it might be related to that.
My attacker and the defender were both Atl-Atl units. The defender was a barbarian in a city on a hill, no promotions, 0 city defense, and possibly no fortification bonus as I think it was the next to last defender and two had been moved in the turn before I attacked. The attacker had these promotions: Hunting I, Bamboo Armor, Poison Tips, and City Raider I. I think it may have gotten a +25% strength on the attack from the Great Commander with the attack stack, since I think it had the first two strength giving promotions at that time and I think it was the 4th attacker so the GC would have still had command points.
After the attack the attacker still had its full movement point. It could not attack again. (I'm guessing that if the unit had Blitz it could get an extra when this happens.)
I'm pretty sure I've seen this happen a few times before. I have always attributed it to some unnoticed property of a promotion as it has always seemed to be highly promoted units.