How long will China finance the US?

RedRalph

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From Robert Peston's blog on BBC

China's foreign exchange reserves have soared.

In the second quarter of the current year, they rose by $178bn to $2.132 trillion to exceed $2 trillion for the first time.

According to Bloomberg this is a record increase.

On this occasion, the primary cause is not the great surplus of China's exports over its imports.

It's the result of overseas investors identifying China as the strongest of the world's major economies and pouring money into property and into shares: the Shanghai Composite Index has jumped 74% this year.



To put it another way, if international investors want to take an equity risk in these recessionary conditions, they go to China - because its economic stimulus package seems to be working (the annual growth rate in China in the three months to the end of June is said by forecasters to have been not far off 8%; we'll have the official stats, for what they're worth, tomorrow).

Now, the really interesting question is how much of that increment has been reinvested by the Chinese authorities into US government debt, or holdings of Treasury bonds and bills.

China is the largest foreign lender to the US government. At the end of April, China's holding of Treasury securities was $763.5bn (Japan was the second biggest holder, with $686bn).

However, between March and April there was actually a slight fall in the dollar value of Chinese lending to the American government - though that fall was trivial compared with the $261.5bn increase over just a year in the amount of US government bonds held by China.

A recent speech by Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the Chinese central bank, conceded - in a slightly elliptical way - that China would have to lend more to the US, to see it through the current economic and financial crisis.

He said: "in the short run, the US may need more capital inflows to deal with the financial crisis".

So China will continue to fund the growing gap between America's public expenditure and its tax revenues, by recycling to the US the cash of overseas investors who prefer to invest in China's real assets.

Mr Zhou is clear that allowing America to live beyond its means is profoundly unhealthy for the global economy in the long term.

As he said: "over the long run, large capital inflows are not in its best interest of making adjustments to its economic growth model".

Or to put it another way, the US public, private and financial sectors all have to reduce their indebtedness: Americans have to save more.

But there is huge self-interest on the part of the Chinese in not forcing America to go cold turkey - in breaking its borrowing addiction - too quickly. China's exporters, squeezed savagely over the past year by the global recession, would hardly relish another lurch downward in US demand for their stuff.

The interdependence of China's great production machine and America's army of consumers remains the great fact of the global economy.

So although the Chinese authorities would love to hold their reserves somewhere other than in dollars (and Mr Zhou is a great proponent of enhancing "the status of the SDR" - the IMF's virtual currency - as an alternative to the dollar), it won't be quick or easy for China and America to reform their uncomfortable relationship of dealer and user.

Any thoughts?
 
How long will China want to buy stuff from the US? The exchange rates will hold up as long as there's demand for American goods.

As far as I can see, there's not gonna be a reduction in demand for many US products for a long time... if the US has to finance its imports from China with farmers' produce and such, so be it. Potatoes and wheat for cars. Everybody benefits, that's how international trade works.
 
We Americans have to save more. Nose to the grindstone, cut off a lot of our purchases.
 
Well, lets put it to the floor? americans, would ye be prepeared to have significantly less crappy creature comforts for the good of the nation?
 
These are the key facts:

Mr Zhou is clear that allowing America to live beyond its means is profoundly unhealthy for the global economy in the long term.

As he said: "over the long run, large capital inflows are not in its best interest of making adjustments to its economic growth model".

Or to put it another way, the US public, private and financial sectors all have to reduce their indebtedness: Americans have to save more.

But there is huge self-interest on the part of the Chinese in not forcing America to go cold turkey - in breaking its borrowing addiction - too quickly. China's exporters, squeezed savagely over the past year by the global recession, would hardly relish another lurch downward in US demand for their stuff.

Frankly, I'm fairly convinced that both China and America are waking up to the consequences of their economic models, and are attempting to redress the scarily imbalanced trade relationship between their two countries.

I am far more concerned that Germany does not even recognise that it cannot continue to be dependent on foreign markets such as the UK and the US for growth anymore, and that it must reduce its savings rate as the UK and US increase theirs. For me, as a European, that is far more worrying.
 
I say we sell Taiwan for 2 trillion and be done with it.
 
Why? Their good fortune is our good fortune. The richer their middle class gets, the more stuff they buy from us.

Not to mention that a richer China might help advert violence and political turmoil. ALSO, a richer China will be more open to environmental laws and human rights issues.
 
Not to mention that a richer China might help advert violence and political turmoil. ALSO, a richer China will be more open to environmental laws and human rights issues.

And if they did run into trouble they might dump treasuries, creating a fair amount of havoc
 
Well, lets put it to the floor? americans, would ye be prepeared to have significantly less crappy creature comforts for the good of the nation?

Actually, the savings rate of american families have gone up considerably since the begining of the crisis. It's the government which is running an expanding deficit.
 
Actually, the savings rate of american families have gone up considerably since the begining of the crisis. It's the government which is running an expanding deficit.

Right! Savings rate is up to 6.9% from near 0 at the beginning of 2008.

And we've paid down personal debts substantially, such as credit card debt.
 
China will keep buying our debt, and keep grumbling about. See, the secret is that they don't have a better place to park their cash. ;)
 
I think the U.S. consumer is doing exactly what Zhou Xiaochuan is suggesting.

Over the past year, household debt fell 0.6%. In the history of the Flow of Funds accounts, which dates back to 1952, household debt never fell over the course of a year. Indeed, even as consumers faced a sharp reduction in their net worth and reductions in their income, the household debt-to-income ratio continued to decline, falling to 131% in Q1 from 134% in Q4. It is now at its lowest level since 2006 and is the strongest sign that the explosion in household leverage has come to an end. I'd look for this to come in at 80% (historically average) before we see another consumer boom.

As far as saving go, in May not only is only $.08 of each stimulus dollar going into consumption U.S. households continued to stuff money into deposits rather than consumption. This is simply a repeat of the fiscal impact from the tax relief a year ago when the savings rate jumped from 0.2% in March 2008 to 4.8% in May 2008. Personal savings rate surged again to a new 16-year high of 6.9% from 5.6% in April and 4.3% in March. Until we get to more normal 8% savings rates will there be some consideration for spending.

Think the Chinese are the only ones buying treasuries?
If there was one asset class households preferred last quarter it was Treasuries. Household Treasury holdings increased $377 billion in the first quarter (up by a never-before-seen 175% against year-ago levels). Still, Treasury holdings only account for 1.6% of total household financial assets and, looking back at history (IE 4.5% of holdings in 1994-95) , there is clearly room for continued purchases of treasuries. So we have a new buyer coming into the market with their $7.5 trillion earning 0%. Not likely a lot of this is going back into equities.
 
China has to buy more American debts, as long as its foreign exchange reserves are still increasing.
 
China will finance the US as long as both are in a win-win situation. A lose-lose situation would not be in the interest of both the US & China.
 
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