Education
Education is divided into three tiers and one numeric quality, to represent the various different sorts of education that a modern state needs. The stat line will look like this;
Education (Basic/Skilled/Higher/Research) - &/&/&/$
The first three are word based qualitive levels that are rated on the scale below, whilst the last is a numeric quantity giving you research points to spend. The three word level stats go on this scale;
None-Appalling-Poor-Bad-Not Bad-Good Enough-Good-Great-Excellent-Outstanding
and are proportional to your population size.
Basic Education is things like numeracy, language skills and literacy for your population, having a high basic education will make some methods of economic growth easier, change the way your population reacts to events, slightly improve the efficiency of your army, and make it easier to raise and maintain high standards of the higher educational levels. This will degrade over time without continued funding (or some method to maintain it) and increasing a level will require funding equal to your population size, and you can only increase by one level a year.
Skilled Education is things like technical skills and secondary level education, having a high skilled education will increase economic growth significantly particularly industry, change the way your population reacts to events, improve the quality of the specialists in your army and your navy and air force, and make it easier to raise and maintain levels of Higher Education and your Research output. This will degrade over time without continued funding (or some method to maintain it) and increasing a level will require funding equal to your population size, and you can only increase by one level a year.
Higher Education represents university level educations, having a high Higher education establishment will increase some forms of economic growth, and the quality of your upper army echelons and political elite (depending on your government form). The likelihood of advances (see below) being made is dependent on the product of your Higher education rating and your population. This will degrade over time without continued funding (or some method to maintain it) and increasing a level will require funding equal to your population size, and you can only increase by one level a year.
Research Points are a numeric quantity of research that you can spend on various things (see Research, below). The base number of research points is proportional to the product of your Higher Education and population; you get some extra for high levels of Skilled Education and more research points can be gained from setting up research institutes (see projects). You can spend research points on basic research or on technologies, or duplicating advances.
Research
There are two types of research that appear in your stats, these are
advances and
technologies. Advances are things like
metalurgy and
the theory of relativity, whilst technologies are things like
super-Dreadnaught Battleships and
atomic bombs.
Advances
You dont get to choose your advances except in the most general way (because this annoys me no end in NESes

) instead youll get advances from the secret list in a quantity determined using a RNG algorithm that takes into account a) your higher education and population, b) the number of research points you put into basic research, c) the amount of collaboration you do with researchers from another country (which can give you results greater than the sum of its parts). What you get is determined by a) what advances you know already, b) What technologies youve invested a lot in and c) if you put any requests in; for example faster ships. In this NES the bed rock of technologies is the 1890 level, and advances represent development beyond that.
Technologies
Each advance unlocks technologies enabled by that advance, Ill give a list but feel free to suggest more and Ill review if they are appropriate or not for the advances you have. The word technology is slightly misleading here, because this category includes things like
Artic Warfare and
cracking Nazi encryption, but nothing else seemed to fit as well. Each technology will effect the operation of your stuff in the NES in some way, for example Machine guns and Basic mechanized infantry will make your armies hit harder and move faster respectively. You research a technology by investing research points into it, and you can crash develop something by spending economy points at a 1:1 ratio to research points, however you must put at least some research points into the technology each year you advance it. In free economies you will sometimes get extra research points turning up in technologies that the business community thinks will be profitable.
Secrecy
You can keep technologies secret, but that will increase the amount of time and effort they take to complete, and once you start deploying the technology on a large scale it will also take money and effort to keep secret. Note that secret technologies will not appear in your stats, Ill send you a PM with your classified stats each turn. Advances cannot be kept secret, but you can order them to be protected, preventing other nations from playing catch up (or at least increase the cost), though this might create ire, and depending on how widely deployed the technology is may take funding. Technologies can also be protected without having to keep them secret.
Catch-up and technology trading
Its hard being the technology leader with everyone hard on your tails; once an advance or technology is known about you can order your researchers to duplicate it for a set cost in research points. You can crash develop something by spending economy points at a 1:1 ratio to research points, however you must put at least some research points into the duplication each year you advance it. Catching up usually costs somewhat less than researching the technology in the first place but the cost can be increased by;
-lacking the necessary advances if a technology is being copied (greatly)
-being at war with the state your attempting to copy if from (greatly)
-not trading much with the state your attempting to copy it form (slightly)
-if the state is keeping the technology or advance protected or secret (enormously)
and it can be decreased by;
-trading a lot with the state your copying it from (somewhat)
-if many states have the technology (depends on number)
-if a state with the technology gives/sells it to you (greatly)
Thus you can give other states technologies, but they still need to make some effort in research or money before the technology can give them any benefit (representing training people, altering designs to local conditions etc). of course if you really wanted you could give them the money for that as well

.